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The Evolution Site The theory of natural selection as the underlying principle of evolution is the unifying force in the current biology. It connects disciplines such as genetics, palaeontology and microbiology. However the study of evolution is often controversial and the resulting misinformation can confuse people about its fundamentals. This site can help to clarify the fundamental concepts. What is Evolution? The current conception of evolution focuses on the gradual and cumulative changes that happen within populations over time. These changes are the results of natural selection. This is a process which increases the number organisms with beneficial traits, which help them to live and reproduce in particular environments. The organisms that have these traits produce more offspring because of their positive characteristics. This leads to an alteration in genetics that could eventually lead to the creation of new species. The term “evolution” is often associated with the notion of “survival of the fittest” which implies that those people who are most well-adapted to a specific environment will be more successful than those who are not well-adapted. However this is just one of many ways that evolution can occur. Another way that the word evolution is used is to suggest that a species will inevitably change from one state of being to the next one. This view of evolution can be referred to as anagenetic, or cladogenesis. This is not backed by the scientific definition of evolution. Instead the theory of evolution that is scientifically based is based on the changes that happen within populations over time and these changes are the result of mutations that produce genomic variation and natural selection. Charles Darwin was one of the scientists who supported this idea. Others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, who came up with the macroevolution theory and believed that this was the only way the higher forms of life could be derived from lower ones. In order for a concept to be considered a theory, it has to be able to stand up to rigorous tests and evidence. The evidence of evolution has stood up to the test of time and has been supported by countless studies in various scientific disciplines, from biology to geology, chemistry to astronomy. In reality evolution is regarded as one of the foundations of science today and is supported by the majority of scientists worldwide. However, there are many misconceptions about the nature of the theory of evolution, specifically how it relates to religion. What is the Theory of Evolution (Evolutionary Theory)? Evolution is the scientific explanation for how living things change over time. It is based on a range of well-established and observable facts such as the fact that more offspring are created than are likely to survive in the long run; that individuals differ from one another in their physical characteristics (phenotype) and that distinct characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction; and that traits can be passed on to the next generation. These findings are supported by the increasing body of evidence from molecular biology, palaeontology functional morphology, climatology, and geology. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution through selection in the mid-19th Century as an explanation why organisms adapt to their physical and biologic environments. It is the most widely accepted and validated theory in science. Its predictions were proven by the evidence that for instance, more complex organisms have less genetic mutations. The more successful an organism is in terms of survival and reproducing, the more likely it will pass its genes on to the next generation. Some people oppose evolution because they believe it implies there is no purpose for life. Many scientists who are religious, like the Cambridge palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris (BioLogos, 2014), believe that evolution is compatible with faith in God and is even enhanced by it. In actual fact, a significant number of highly trained evolutionary biologists, some of who are revered evangelical Christian leaders, have been involved in the development and testing of the theory of evolution. Many of these scientists contributed to the understanding of a vast array of phenomena, such as genomics and phylogenetics, as well as the formation and function fossils. The word “theory” is often used to refer to a speculation or guess, when in fact it refers to a scientific idea that has been systematically tested and refined over time. Scientists test their theories by repeating the experiment or observations that have led to them. Thus, the theory of evolution has been repeatedly borne out and so have the theories of Copernican, germ theory, and atomic theory. What is the Process of Evolution? The process of evolution is the gradual change over time in the proportion of genetically distinct individuals within a specific species. This change is the result of natural selection of individuals who are more well-adapted to their environment. The better-adapted individuals have a higher chance of survival and reproduction. As more of these individuals survive and reproduce, their genes are more prevalent in the general population. This process is sometimes described as “survival of the strongest.” According to the theory of evolution, the mutations that produce genomic variation are the primary basis for evolutionary change. These mutations could occur at random or be influenced by the environment. When mutations are random the frequency of the resultant alleles could vary from generation to generation. When a mutation is beneficial it will increase the allele frequency, causing the allele to be spread across the population. The changes in frequency of alleles could lead to new species as time passes. The new species will then develop and evolve into new forms. This is a process called macroevolution. The creation of an entirely new species is typically due to changes in the environment which make certain kinds of resources available or create new environmental challenges. The development of finches in the Galapagos Islands, for example is due to the availability of new foods and the necessity to defend themselves against predators. In a larger sense, evolution can be defined as any change in the characteristics of living organisms over time. The change could be subtle, like the development of a new color or a dramatic change, such as the development of an organ. Scientists who believe in the theory of evolution generally agree on the significance of genetic change in generating evolution. 에볼루션사이트 agree that the process of evolution occurs over a long period of time, usually millions of years. However, they differ over the importance of different factors that speed up or slow down the process, including the role of environmental pressures, sexual selection and mutation bias. Despite these differences most scientists are still convinced that evolution is real and the evidence to prove it is overwhelming. What is the Evidence of Evolution? Since Darwin's time, scientists have gathered evidence to support Darwin's theory of evolution. A portion of this evidence comes from fossils, which demonstrate the changing features of living organisms over time. Similarities between living organisms as well as embryology, biogeography and genetics are evidence. The evolutionary tree is the best method to prove the existence of evolution. It shows how species are related. Another source of evidence is homologous structures, which have a similar structures in different species but serve different purposes like the wings of birds and bats. Evolution is also evident in the fact that different species adapt and grow to similar environments. For example, arctic-foxes and Ptarmigans have white fur coats which blend with snow and ice. This is a kind of convergent evolutionary process which suggests the species shared ancestral ancestors. Vestigial structures are a different piece of evidence. These are parts of an organism that could serve a function in the distant past. The human appendix, for instance, is a vestige from an organ that once used to digest food. Natural selection causes the structures to shrink when they are no longer utilized. Scientists have also gathered other evidence for evolution through observation and experimentation. The evidence for evolution can be classified into six different categories: directly observable changes at small scales, biogeographic distributions, comparative anatomy fossil records and genetics. Each of these categories offers convincing evidence for the evolution of life. Although many people have misconceptions about the theory of evolution, it is an established fact. It isn't simply a flimsy theory. It is a powerful collection of years of observation and accumulated data that has been proven and tested. Scientists continue to collect and analyze new data to better understand the history of the Earth's life regardless of whether or not people believe in the theory of evolution or not. This information will allow scientists to better understand how to avoid future catastrophes on the planet, and how best to make use of the resources on our planet. This will allow us to better serve the needs of the people living on the planet.